ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: This in-vitro study was conducted to evaluate the strength and properties of Type III and Type IV gypsum mixed with disinfectant solutions. Materials and Methods: Type III and Type IV gypsum were used for the study. Three different mixing solutions namely waterqueous solutions of 0.525% sodium hypochlorite and 2% glutaraldehyde were used. Gypsum materials were subjected to further modification by adding a mixture of 1.0% gum arabic and 0.132% calcium hydroxide before mixing with the disinfectant solutions, at two different liquid/powder (L/P) ratios for each. Both, the unmodified and the modified gypsum were tested for compressive and tensile strength after one hour and one week from the start of the mix. The crystalline configuration of the fracture fragments of the unmodified and modified set gypsum were studied under the scanning electron microscope. Results: The disinfectant solutions reduced the strength of both Type III and Type IV gypsum. Water showed higher-strength, which was followed by 0.525% sodium hypochlorite and 2% glutaraldehyde. The modified Type III and Type IV gypsum with reduced L/P ratio also showed strength values less than that of the control groups. Interpretation and Conclusion: Chemical disinfectants reduced the strength of gypsum when used as water substitutes. Gum Arabic and calcium hydroxide additives permitted lower L/P ratio, however, there was still excess water retained in the set gypsum that lowered the strength values of Type III and Type IV gypsum. Hence, further reduction of L/P ratio may increase the properties of the modified Type III and Type IV gypsum.
Subject(s)
Calcium Hydroxide/chemistry , Calcium Sulfate/chemistry , Compressive Strength , Crystallography , Dental Disinfectants/chemistry , Dental Materials/chemistry , Dental Stress Analysis/instrumentation , Glutaral/chemistry , Gum Arabic/chemistry , Humans , Humidity , Materials Testing , Mechanical Phenomena , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Powders , Sodium Hypochlorite/chemistry , Solutions , Stress, Mechanical , Tensile Strength , Time Factors , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
This review presents a chronological account of chewing gum, from its early origins to its present day magnitude. The product's composition and manufacturing process are outlined in this paper. Sweeteners as substitutes for sugar are also discussed. The effect of chewing gum on dental health is reviewed from several aspects: dental caries, periodontal health, xerostomia and as a vehicle for medicaments. Gum of acacia arabica. world-wide gum usage, gum production and marketing are briefly mentioned. The literature not only supports the conclusion that 'sugar-free" gums are non-cariogenic but strongly suggests that xylitol chewing gum is anticariogenic and benefit dental health while the potential cariogencity of sucrose-sweetened gums can be modified by additives or selected pattern of use. Chewing gum is a world-wide phenomenon that will most likely persist as long as human beings inhabit the earth